Die Quastenflosser (Coelacanthimorpha) sind eine Unterklasse der Fleischflosser (Sarcopterygii). Die Fischgruppe der Quastenflosser existierte seit dem mittleren Devon vor 400 Millionen Jahre mit etwa 70 Arten und zahlreichen Gattungen bis zur Mittleren Kreidezeit vor 65 Millionen Jahren, als sie scheinbar komplett ausstarb. Überraschenderweise wurde 1938 eine überlebende Art des Quastenflossers im indischen Ozean wiederentdeckt, die damit zum bekanntesten lebenden Fossil wurde. 1997 wurde in Sulawesi noch der Restbestand einer zweiten Art entdeckt. Ihre nächsten Verwandten sind die Lungenfische und die Landwirbeltiere (Tetrapoda).
Ein wesentliches Kennzeichen sowohl der Quastenflosser als auch der Lungenfische ist das teilweise verknöcherte und mit Muskulatur versehene Skelett der Brust- und Bauchflossen. Sie werden deshalb zur Unterklasse der Muskelflosser (alternativ Fleischflosser) (Sarcopterygii) zusammengefasst.
1938 entdeckte Marjorie Latimer, Leiterin des Städtischen Meeresmuseums im südafrikanischen East London, in einem großen Fischfang einen stahlblauen, 1,50 m langen und 52 kg schweren Fisch. Auffallend waren große Schuppen, fleischige Flossen, die wie Gliedmaßen abstanden, und ein mächtiger Unterkiefer. Das Exemplar war durch die Druckverringerung bereits tot. Sie schickte eine Skizze des Fisches an Professor James L. B. Smith, einen berühmten Fischkundler an der Rhodes-Universität in Grahamstown, Südafrika. „Ich wäre kaum erstaunter gewesen, wenn ich auf der Straße einem Dinosaurier begegnet wäre“, war seine erste Reaktion. Quastenflosser kannte man zu dieser Zeit nur aus versteinerten Abdrücken. Man glaubte daher, dass sie vor über 350 Millionen Jahren im Devon entstanden und vor rund 70 Millionen Jahren gegen Ende der Kreidezeit ausgestorben seien. Smith untersuchte den Fund genauer und identifizierte ihn tatsächlich als Nachfahren der fossilen Quastenflosser. Das Tier, der Komoren-Quastenflosser, wurde nach seiner Entdeckerin und dem Fluss Chalumna, in dessen Nähe er ins Schleppnetz gegangen war, taxonomisch Latimeria chalumnae benannt.
Erst 14 Jahre später, im Jahr 1952, wurde in der Gegend zwischen den Komoreninseln und Madagaskar, 3000 km von der ersten Fundstelle entfernt, ein zweiter Quastenflosser gefangen. Hier war der Fisch den Eingeborenen längst unter dem Namen Kombessa bekannt und wurde als wenig begehrter Fisch verzehrt. Seine rauen Schuppen verwendete man als Ersatz für Sandpapier. Es konnten dann noch weitere Exemplare gefangen werden, einmal sogar ein lebendes. Erst 1987 gelang es einer deutschen Forschergruppe des Max-Planck-Institut für Verhaltensphysiologie unter Professor Hans Fricke erstmals, den Quastenflosser in seinem natürlichen Lebensraum vor den Komoren zu beobachten. Dabei entdeckte der Münchner Biologiestudent Olaf Reinicke am 17. Januar 1987 vom Tauchboot Geo aus in 198 Metern Tauchtiefe den ersten Quastenflosser in seinem natürlichen Lebensraum. Dort entstanden auch die ersten Filmaufnahmen von lebenden Quastenflossern. Von 1989 an wurde mit Unterstützung der Zoologischen Gesellschaft Frankfurt ein Projekt zur Erforschung der Quastenflosser durchgeführt.
Eine erneute Sensation gab es, als 1997 und 1998 tote Quastenflosser auf dem Fischmarkt von Manado Tua (Sulawesi) in Indonesien von dem englischen Studentenehepaar Erdmann entdeckt und als Quastenflosser identifiziert wurden, rund 10.000 Kilometer von den Komoren entfernt. Inzwischen fand Fricke auch dort lebende Quastenflosser, die als Manado-Quastenflosser (Latimeria menadoensis) bezeichnet werden.
Im April 2004 ist eine deutsche Unterwasser-Expedition in Südafrikas Küstengewässern auf weitere Exemplare der Komoren-Quastenflosser gestoßen. Am südlichsten Ende der Sodwana-Bucht nahe der Grenze zu Mosambik entdeckte das Team von Hans Fricke zwei weitere Tiere. Damit erhöht sich nach Angaben der Zoologin Karen Hissmann der dort bekannte Bestand auf 21 Exemplare. Seit Beginn der 1990er Jahre sind drei Exemplare vor Mosambik und Tansania gefangen worden.
Der Name Quastenflosser leitet sich davon ab, dass sich an der Spitze der Schwanzflosse eine pinsel- beziehungsweise quastenförmige Verlängerung befindet.
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